CSW Rate: An Intro to an Important New Metric

More predictive than SwSt%. More descriptive than Whiff%. Meet CSW: a new metric for understanding a pitcher's performance.

If you listen to On The Corner or the First Pitch podcasts, you may have noticed that Nick and I are very fond of a metric we like to call CSW rate. Coined and created by Nick Pollack in the 2018 season, CSW rate stands for Called Strikes + Whiffs and the formula for it is simple:

 

Called Strikes + Whiffs
Total Pitches

 

It takes into account called strikes, swinging strikes (including blocked ones), swinging pitchouts and foul tips into the glove while excluding foul balls. While the formula may seem rudimentary, the implications are far from it. CSW rate is a simple, fine-tuned and, most importantly, predictive metric that gives us a better glimpse into the true skill of a pitcher. Let’s break all of this down so we can see why.

 

The Beginning

 

At the beginning of the 2019 season, I wanted to take a deeper look into the metric Nick and I have been citing for almost a year now. I wanted to see if CSW rate was of any more benefit then some of the stats Nick and I commonly use like swinging strike rate (SwSt%; swings and misses over total pitches). Finally, I wanted to explore if this metric was more than a glimpse into how successful a starting pitcher was during a particular outing. It turns out it was a lot more.

I started by keeping a spreadsheet of every CSW rate from the previous day’s games. I noticed some fluctuation and plenty of noise, but enough to get me curious as to what a larger sample size would reveal. I used Baseball Savant—arguably the best baseball website available right now—to gather the CSW rates of every pitcher in the 2018 season. After pulling the data, I started comparing it to metrics that I thought would be most viable. I started with ERA:

I’m not a data scientist, but I do know that this is not what the ideal datasets look like when seeking correlation. To put it very mildly, you want a high r2 and .27 is far too low.

From the start, we can determine CSW rate does not correlate to ERA. That’s fine and makes sense. A pitcher may be getting a good amount of whiffs, but hitters could still be putting balls in play and CSW won’t tell us anything about contact. The next step was to see how CSW correlated to strikeout rate:

That’s a great correlation and it makes a lot of sense. The more called strikes and whiffs a pitcher earns, the more strikeouts he’s likely to record. The correlation isn’t perfect because not every called strike and whiff lead to a strikeout, but we don’t need it to be perfect. We just want to see if we’re heading in the right direction, and so far so good.

 

We know from the above that CSW won’t correlate to ERA, but maybe it will correlate to an ERA indicator. Most heavily value strikeouts, a metric pitchers have more influence over, and here are the results with the popular DIPS metric SIERA:

This is where things get really exciting. An of r2 of .64 dictates that CSW rate is very correlated to SIERA. For those unfamiliar, SIERA stands for Skill-Interactive ERA. It is an ERA estimator that suggests strikeouts may be better than FIP suggests, walks are bad but relative to how many you throw, and balls in play are complicated (read here for a deeper dive on SIERA). Most importantly, SIERA is predictive. Like FIP, it can give us a good sense of what a pitcher’s actual skillset is and whether they are over/underperforming their ERA.

When I saw the above chart, it was the first inkling that CSW rate could be a beneficial metric to view in tandem with SIERA. To confirm that, I needed to dive deeper and enlisted the help of data scientist, Pitcher List staff member and all around patient man, Colin Charles.

We’re just getting started.

 

Bearing Out The Claim

 

Knowing that SIERA correlated to CSW in 2018 is a great first step, but in order for us to prove that CSW is a metric that analysts and fans alike should have in their back pocket, we need to see if CSW correlates to SIERA over a longer period of time. Colin (whom this piece would not exist without) used Baseball Savant and Fangraphs to get all of the seasonal CSW and SIERA for the past 10 years. Per the advice of Travis Petersen, a senior data scientist at Major League Baseball, the pitches in all of the following models are weighted. In other words, pitchers like Max Scherzer are going to be weighted a bit more than Edwin Diaz.

Once again, we see excellent correlations season-by-season, proving that last year was no fluke. After sharing this data with Travis, he suggested the more apt way to see viability would be to. “run the correlation over the whole dataset; i.e. combine all pitcher/year data points into one file and then run.” When a senior data scientist tells you to do something, you do it.

Here are the results:

The correlation gets a little bit weaker, although it’s still encouraging to see. The data begets the question that perhaps we should be viewing relief pitchers and starting pitchers separately. After all, when discussing CSW, the brackets for success are different by pitcher classification. A 30% CSW rate for a starting pitcher who throws over 60 pitches in an outing is very good to see, but a 30% CSW rate for a relief pitcher throwing 20 pitches in an inning would be slightly below average.

We’ve already weighted the data in an attempt to equalize the playing field but at Travis’s suggestion, Colin and I decided to see what would happen if we put the pitchers into their proper buckets.

Here are the results season by season:

And here are all the results combined across eleven seasons of data separating starters and relievers:

As is to be expected, we find that CSW rate on the whole correlates better to starting pitchers than it does relievers. This doesn’t mean that CSW isn’t pertinent to relievers, it just appears to be more descriptive for starting pitchers.

Things are looking great for CSW, but we can’t draft distinct conclusions until we understand its value relative to other statistics. An r2 of .568 for starting pitchers is encouraging to see in a vacuum, but how does it compare to other popular metrics?

 

CSW vs SwSt vs Whiff %

 

At its core, CSW rate is swinging strike rate that brings called strikes into the equation. It posits that while swinging strikes are great to see, called strikes can be just as beneficial. By breaking CSW rate into its individual parts, we can see if any one of the metrics it is comprised of correlates more or less to SIERA.

To make sure all of our bases were covered, we correlated just called strikes, swinging strike rate and whiff rate. For those unfamiliar, swinging strike rate (SwSt%) is the rate of whiff across all pitches seen, while Whiff% is the percentage of whiffs across all swings from the batter.

We’ll begin by comparing called strikes to SIERA for both SP’s and RP’s.

As expected, called strikes alone has little to no correlation whatsoever to SIERA. This is likely why called strike rate isn’t a prominently featured statistic. Let’s take a look at how a more popular metric in Whiff% compares to SIERA.

The correlation is far better compared to called strike alone, but not as strong as CSW rate. Let’s take a look at SwSt rate, one of the more popular metrics used to determine a pitcher’s success and abilities.

Once again, we see a better correlation to SIERA than whiff rate, but we see that CSW rate still has a stronger correlation than SwSt.

Let’s look at the r2 in an easier to read table:

Metric SP r2 to SIERA RP r2 to SIERA
Called Strike .049 .059
Whiff .369 .309
Swinging Strike .405 .348
CSW .568 .496

That’s a pretty exciting finding.

By adding called strikes to swinging strikes and returning to CSW rate, we’ve found a metric that is stickier to SIERA than one of the more commonly used metrics in SwSt rate. However, the correlations that we’ve been finding have all been run comparing same-year CSW to same-year SIERA. Travis pointed out that this would make the relationship a descriptive one as opposed to predictive. In order to to prove whether CSW rate is, in fact, predictive we’d need to try a different approach.

 

Mirror Mirror on the Ball…

 

I figured the best way to determine whether CSW had predictive qualities was to take CSW rates from previous seasons and compare them to the following year’s SIERA to see if there was a change. For example, if a pitcher posted a 30% CSW rate in 2016, and a 38% CSW rate in 2017, we would hope to see their SIERA go down from the ’16 to ’17 season. I called upon Colin again for data—did I mention how incredibly helpful he was? Here are our findings:

It is nice to reinforce what we’ve already established: that CSW rate is a little bit more applicable to starting pitchers than relievers.  The r2 does leave a little to be desired as, at first glance, it doesn’t scream perfection. However, we’ve established by now that this is all relative. If we find that the correlation is stronger than SwSt%, called strike rate and whiff%, then we could be on to something. Here is each stat’s respective chart:

That’s a lot of graphs. Let’s put that in an easier to read table:

Metric Year-to-Year r2 to SIERA
Called Strike .0399
Whiff .336
Swinging Strike .396
CSW .445

Compared to called strike rate, whiff% and SwSt%, CSW is the more predictive statistic. While over a larger sample size, CSW rate loses a bit of its predictiveness, we can definitively say that it is more predictive than other, more commonly used metrics.

But we’re not done. At what point during a season can we begin to rely on it?

 

When To Trust CSW

 

The short answer is obvious. The more innings a pitcher gets, the more predictive this metric is going to be. While it would be very difficult for us to pinpoint an exact inning or pitch count where the metric becomes predictive, Colin and I were able to get a good ballpark estimate.

First, Colin calculated a pitchers CSW rate with each start. Instead of averaging two CSW rates together, he took the total pitches of a pitcher and combined them. For example, if a pitcher throws 100 pitches with 35 called strikes and whiffs in start one and 98 pitches with 20 called strikes and whiffs in start two, then that pitchers CSW rate would be 55/198 or 27.7%. It makes more sense to treat this pitch-by-pitch instead of start-by-start.

Using this methodology, we see CSW rate start to stabilize around the 10th start. In order to double check our work, I took all of the CSW rates in the first half of 2018 to see if CSW would stabilize by the All-Star break.

While these methodologies are not perfect, our first attempts to find a stabilization point indicate that CSW rate becomes viable around a pitcher’s 10th start. By the All-Star break, it’s even more predictive and by the end of the year, it can be used very well alongside SIERA to analyze potential changes for the next year.

 

How Do We Use CSW?

 

While CSW rate takes around ten starts to stabilize, that doesn’t mean you should completely ignore it until then. A pitcher’s daily CSW rate can still be a good indication of whether or not he had his stuff on that particular day. Below are the classifications we’ve come up with.

Quality of SP Outing CSW Rate
Poor 20 – 25%
Okay 25 – 30%
League Avg  28.7%
Good 30 – 35%
Excellent 35 – 40%

I want to reiterate that “quality of outing” only explains how a pitcher did in terms of their CSW rate. Remember, CSW is not correlated to ERA, so it is possible for a starting pitcher to give up a lot of hard contact and plenty of ER but have a fantastic CSW. What makes this metric so exciting in our eyes is that when a pitcher has an above average CSW rate without the results, it could indicate that the results are soon to follow (much like SIERA). Take Derek Holland for example.

Start ERA SIERA CSW
@SDP 6.75 4.23 32.7%
@LAD 5.00   4.50 34%
SDP 3.38 3.85 35.2%
COL 4.09 4.30 31.7%

After Holland’s first start against the Padres, there was a good amount of regret for taking him in drafts. He only lasted 4 IP and gave up 3 ER. The CSW rate, however, would have you think it wasn’t all that bad. In Holland’s next start, coming against a red-hot Dodgers offense, he gave up only 2 ER in 5 IP of work to bring his ERA down almost two full runs. The one constant in those two starts? His 32+% CSW rate. His next outing was his best, as he lowered his ERA two runs again and struck out nine over 7 IP. In his most recent start, he struggled against the Rockies, posted the lowest CSW rate of the season and his SIERA regressed accordingly.

Let me reiterate: this is a terribly small sample size. Derek Holland could very likely have a string of five consecutive poor-CSW outings that make this four game sample size less appealing. That said, it’s good to see a SIERA act accordingly to its corresponding CSW rates.

Until CSW regulates in about mid-May, the best way to use it is to keep track of how it compares to a pitcher’s average CSW rate and CSW rate in their last outing. If it’s drastically higher or lower for one particular start, it’s no cause for concern, but multiple outings with similar CSW rates could be indicative of something. So where can you find all this data?

 

A Community Metric

 

What I love most about CSW rate isn’t its correlation to K% or SIERA, but that it was born of a community. Daren Willman put the data out, Nick Pollack noticed it and created the metric, I tried my best to flesh it out to see if it was pertinent. Colin Charles helped immensely by being an R wizard and compiling countless rows and columns of data while Travis Petersen provided pivotal advice. Dave Cherman provided super helpful feedback and now guys like Jason Johnson, a guy I know solely from Twitter, are taking the next step. The stat isn’t Pitcher List’s. It’s ours.

Here is the link for all of the data that I have compiled so far. You can check this spreadsheet every day for CSW leaderboards, a full log of every pitcher’s CSW rate from every performance and more. Enjoy.

Open Source CSW Leaderboard.

 

Common Questions

 

In the few weeks I’ve been experimenting with CSW in depth, a lot of interesting questions have come up that I wanted to address here:

 

Why doesn’t CSW rate include foul balls?

I added foul balls to a lot of the sample sizes to create CSWF and noticed that it decreased how well the metric correlated to SIERA and K%. Foul balls seem to be incredibly inconsistent, but I still think they’re a viable metric to look at in the short term. In my mind, I think of foul balls as “medium contact.” For those unfamiliar, on a Fangraphs player page, a pitcher’s induced contact is broken up into soft, medium and hard contact. When there’s an abundance of medium contact, it usually ends up falling away into one of two buckets: soft or hard contact. In my mind a lot of foul balls in one outing will turn into either K’s, whiffs, called strikes or hits in another outing. That in and of itself could be another metric but is not beneficial for what we’re trying to accomplish with CSW rate.

 

How come a pitcher can have a high CSW rate and have a poor outing?

This was addressed once or twice in the above but I think it’s worth repeating: CSW rate does not correlate to ERA. Tyler Skaggs‘ most recent outing was a great example. Despite giving up 3 very loud HR over the course of 4 IP, Skaggs had an above league average 30% CSW rate. As is to be expected, his SIERA is currently lower than his ERA.

 

What does this mean for hitters?

This is a great question and one we have not begun to scratch the surface of yet. Look for a piece coming about CSW rate and hitters in the near future.

Conclusion

 

After weeks of analysis, I can say with confidence that CSW is a viable metric that should be integrated into how we analyze pitchers. It correlates heavily to K% and SIERA, the latter of which it correlates better to than SwSt% and Whiff%. On the micro level, it can be used to analyze whether or not a pitcher had their “stuff” during any particular outing. It has shown to stabilize after around 10 starts at which point it can be used as a predictive metric.

I am not a data scientist. Nor am I a traveling salesman hocking CSW rate as the latest metric that is going to revolutionize the way we look at starting pitchers. CSW is not the perfect metric because there is no such thing as a perfect metric (yes, including WAR). A metric does not define a ballplayer. Metrics are small pieces of a puzzle that when put together contextually can help give us a glimpse at the puzzle as a whole. CSW rate is merely a new piece to the puzzle and one that we at Pitcher List feel can be benefit the fantasy and analytical community at large.

Featured Image by Justin Paradis (@freshmeatcomm on Twitter).

Alex Fast

An FSWA award winner for Research Article of the Year, Alex is the co-host of On The Corner and host of the weekend edition of First Pitch. He received his masters in interactive telecommunications from NYU's ITP. All opinions are Alex's and Alex's alone. A die-hard Orioles fan, Alex is well versed in futility and broken pitching prospects.

42 responses to “CSW Rate: An Intro to an Important New Metric”

  1. Mike Bash says:

    Here is my only question. You mentioned Foul balls. Well CSWF, wouldnt that just be the same as how many strikes the pitcher throws? With CSW isn’t it just essentially eliminating foul balls? Unless im missing something you can only get a strike 3 ways. Called/Swinging/Foul.

    • Alex Fast says:

      Great question. CSW is eliminating foul balls from the equation as well as all other batted ball events. Fouls seem to just add a lot of noise as far as I can tell.

  2. Matt says:

    Good article, but your harness of statistical language could be improved. An R^2 of .27 still implies correlation, just not strong correlation. Also, the direction of the line of best fit is important. A negatively slopped line indicates a negative relationship. Keep up the good work. I use PitcherList day in and day out for my FBB leagues because of articles such as this.

    • Alex Fast says:

      thanks for reading and the feedback! I’m definitely continuing to grow in that field, so it’s helpful to read comments like that.

      • Nathan says:

        I really like the statistic and the article, but I was also a little confused by the underlying numbers. Specifically, the bivariate correlations are reported as r-squared’s, but I’m wondering if the numbers reported are actually r’s (not squared). I believe r is the correlation itself, which is often converted to r-squared to get a metric of percent variance explained. If these are actually r-squared, that would mean that the too low correlation between csw and era is around .52, which is pretty substantial! It would also mean that the large correlation between csw and siera is around .80, which seems too good to be true.

        • Colin Charles says:

          We extracted the r squared for each of linear models that we ran throughout the article. So the numbers reported are not correlations (r), but the coefficients of determination (r²)

  3. Matt C. says:

    It makes sense that foul balls decrease the correlation. A swinging strike is one where the hitter missed the ball outright. On many foul balls, the hitter missed by a small margin.

  4. Michael Bash says:

    Oh gotcha, so I guess balls in play and/or outs are counted as strikes in the pitch count?

    That clears things up if so.

  5. Matt says:

    This has been my go-to stat this season, and this article is great. It is kinda crazy that something as simple as CSW is a better indicator of performance and that it hasn’t been thought of until now.

  6. Justin says:

    Thanks for this Alex. It’s a great conversation starter.

    The SIERA calculation itself is “just” a regression of various strikeout, walk, and ground ball rates. You can get an r^2 of 0.971 just with a regression of K%-BB% and GB%.

    I think there’s more potential in CSW to be able to predict K%-BB%. Is CSW more predictive of future K%-BB% than past K%-BB%? Does it stabilize sooner? K% stabilizes around 120 PA. BB% around 300.

    Is there any way you can share that historical data set? The google sheet is just 2019 data.

    • Alex Fast says:

      All of the data is available on baseball savant’s website using their search function. If you end up digging into this, let me know what you find! Would love to hear all about it.

      • Justin says:

        Thanks for introducing me to Baseballsavant search function. I’d never noticed it before.

        I’m just not seeing how CSW is better than plain old vanilla K-BB%. It could be true that CSW% is more predictive than other intra-PA pitch quality metrics (SwStr%, Contact%, Whiff%). But I’ve analyzed those fangraphs internals before, and so far nothing’s been as good as K-BB%.

        r2 to K-BB% t+1: CSWt = 0.3402, K-BB%t=0.5079. To predict next year’s K-BB% its better to use last year’s K-BB% than CSW%.

        r2 to SIERAt+1: CSWt=0.3383, SIERAt=0.4240, K-BBt=0.4623. Next year’s SIERA its better to use last year’s SIERA than this year’s CSW%.

        • Alex Fast says:

          Glad you’re enjoying it! Just to be clear: the only metrics I’m really comparing CSW to in the piece are SwSt and Whiff. I make no arguments against using K-BB%, I think it’s a great stat. To build up CSW as a viable stat is by no means me trying to tear down K-BB or any other stat for that matter. I’m just positing that it’s another metric to add to your arsenal. Yes, K-BB has a better t+1 (thank you for that research by the way, that’s awesome to see), but I don’t think that means you necessarily need to throw the baby out with the bathwater. SIERA and K-BB could theoretically be all you’d need for a pitcher, but I still think you’d look at other metrics. I just think CSW should be one of them.

          • Justin DC says:

            I tend to disagree. I’m of the opinion that there’s so many stats out there that looking at too many can be counterproductive. We’re all seeking to do the same thing – identify quality pitchers outside noisy metrics like ERA and to better predict future performance. If there’s a metric that does that better, just look at the better metric.

            Regress future SIERA to K-BB% and you get an r2 =0.4623. Include CSW% in that model and you lower your r2 to 0.4582 and get a CSW% coefficient p-value =0.4253.

            That’s not a terribly surprising result. CSW% and K-BB% are strongly correlated (0.8833). They both seek to measure the same thing: how well a pitcher controls the strike zone. There’s just nothing CSW% tells us about a pitcher that K-BB% doesn’t already tell us. Looking at both only adds to the noise.

            • Alex Fast says:

              I totally hear you on this and think it’s a fantastic point. K-BB has a larger emphasis on low walk, low BABIP guys, IIRC. Whereas CSW emphasizes a bit more of the strikeout side. Like Clevinger is going to be a CSW darling while prime Mikolas is going to be a K-BB guy. Once again, this is not me knocking K-BB it’s more me voicing why I think metrics like this are important and why, personally, I like to look at a small handful of them. It helps to highlight the nuance. K-BB on a game-by-game basis also makes me think Yu Darvish’s most recent start was extremely poor when his CSW highlights that there may have been more there. I do want to take a second to say that it’s comments like this that I find super helpful. I can’t grow as a writer or analyst without discourse like this, so, sincerely, thank you.

          • Baby Seal says:

            Really interesting discussion here!

            What I’d be inclined to know is if CSW rate can help predict players’ K% breakouts, or said differently, players w/ high K% upside? Would just need to clearly define what “breakout” and “upside” imply in this context.

            I do think K-BB% is about as good as it gets. Would think CSW could better predict future K% performance, so let’s see how well it can find the needles in the haystack??

            Thanks,
            – Baby Seal

  7. Schafer Chulay says:

    Very insightful – as I was reading this, I was offered a trade (in a 10er) where I give up Edwin Diaz for Devers + Margevicius/Kikuchi/Ed Rodriguez…

    When looking to improve my pitching categories, which do you prefer, if any?

    • Alex Fast says:

      If you’re interested in moving Diaz, you should drive the convo. I think a pairing of any of those guys is too low considering Diaz may be the only guy to crack 40 saves this season.

  8. Woz says:

    This article is bae.

    One thought/question: have you thought about adjusting CSW to account for the relative predictive strength of Called Strikes and Whiffs? As you indicated in this article, one is more predictive than the other, so if you weigh them accordingly, in theory it could make the CSW rate even more predictive overall than weighing both component stats equally. Maybe it won’t lead to anything, but I think it could be worth investigating.

    • Alex Fast says:

      Great suggestion! We’ll certainly have to take a deeper dive into that.

    • Justin DC says:

      Hey Woz. Regressing CSW% to SIERA gets me r2 =0.6074. Break down CSW% into it’s component parts gets r2=0.6518. A point of SW% is worth about -0.235 SIERA, C% about -0.143.

  9. Steve says:

    Great job on the article. I’ve been following the rate all season with you, but I’m still not sold on it.
    I still think the quality of the opponent plays a massive role. Perhaps you could also post the seasonal CSW rate for teams each day? Is that what I see in the today’s leaders tab of the spreadsheet?

  10. Aaron says:

    Awesome article! Looking forward to future updates.

    Have you considered adjusting the CSW by some sort of opponent index (ideally per batter, but seems like baseball savant only gives CSW per date, thus opponent team) before aggregating the data? A high CSW vs. Anthony Rizzo is much more impressive than a high CSW vs. Joey Gallo. Perhaps this adjusted CSW would stabilize earlier than 10 games in, since it would account for the chance of getting an unfair schedule to start the season.

  11. Steve says:

    Is it possible to calculate CSW for hitters and have you thought about that? If CSW is a more useful metric than whiff rate for pitchers then looking at CSW against from each individual hitter’s perspective would also be a more useful metric of a hitters control of the zone than hitter whiff rate, right?

    • Steve says:

      My point was that it would be cool to use CSW for the other side too, not that a website called Pitcher List should do it :P

  12. Keith Lott says:

    Would you say that this is a good plot to view before adding starting pitchers?

    X-Axis – CWS
    Y-Axis – SIERA

    https://plot.ly/~FantasySixPack/21/#plot

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  16. Kenny says:

    When does the csw spreadsheet get updated?

  17. Adam Millinger says:

    What parameters would I apply in baseball savant to determine CSW? Thanks!

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  21. Matt Garringer says:

    Hi Alex, would love to get in touch with you. I run a sports media company called Ballplayer Network and we have substantial reach across the Baseball community. Trying to explore ways to work together.

  22. Alex Carande says:

    To Alex Fast

    First of all, Thanks Alex for this outstanding content.
    I want to ask for permission to talk abot csw in my webside dosunosiete.com
    We create Spanish béisbol?quality content.
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    I hope to hear from you soon and thank you in advance

    • Alex Fast says:

      Hey! Thanks for the kind words and request. Please feel free to use CSW however you see fit. It’s for the community!

  23. Mike D says:

    You could have multicollinearity issues with your data. Does a higher Whiff rate (or SwStrk%) correlate to a higher called strike rate?

  24. Mike D says:

    You could have collinearity issues with your data. Does a higher Whiff rate (or SwStrk%) correlate to a higher called strike rate?

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